英文講義--12時態講義

過去簡單式(past simple tense)

【S + V-ed】

● 表示過去發生的動作或狀態

   Ex：I played tennis yesterday. (我昨天打網球)

        I ate lunch. (我吃過中餐了)

        It rained this morning. (今天早上有下雨)

        I loved you (我過去是愛你的) => 但現在不愛了

● 表示過去的習慣動作

   Ex：I went to school by bike when I was a child. (我小時候都是騎車去上學的)

        He took a walk every morning when he lived in the country.

        (當他住在鄉下時有每天散步的習慣)

過去進行式(past progressive tense)

【S + was/were + V-ing】

● 敘述在過去時間正在進行的動作。常與其它句子合用

   Ex：I was playing tennis when you called. (你打給我的時候我正在打網球)

       Jerry was taking a shower when his friend came. (Jerry的朋友去找他的時候，他正在洗澡)

       When I saw her in the pub, she was playing this song. (我在pub看到她時正播著這首歌)

過去完成式(past perfect tense)

【S + had + p.p】

● 過去完成式是不能單獨用的。我們用的時候，必須有另一個事件。也就是說，假如我們有兩件事 A和 B，兩件事都發生在過去，但 A發生在 B以前，A應該用過去完成式，B則用過去式。過去式的過去式

   Ex：He had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan. (他來台灣以前，曾學過中文)

        It had already snowed before Monday. (週一以前，已經下過雪了)

        He had worked before he dicided to go to college. (他唸大學以前，曾經工作過)

● 表示過去未實現的願望或計畫。

   Ex：I had hoped to learn French. (我曾希望學習法文)

過去完成進行式(past perfect progressive tense)與過去完成式無異，只強調動作的連續性

【S + had been + V-ing】

在兩個過去時間中強調較早發生事件的連續性。

   Ex：He had been studying before he went to class. (在他來到班上前，已經很認真讀書了)

        =>強調在他來到班上之前的這段時間

       I had been seeing your mother before I was 14 years old. (我十四歲以前，就曾見過你的母親)

       I had been sleeping before you called me. (我在你打電話給我之前已經睡覺了)

現在簡單式(present simple tense)

【S + V】

● 表現在發生的動作或狀態

   Ex：I hear the music. (我聽到音樂)

        I am thirsty. (我很渴)

● 表習慣性的動作或狀態

   Ex：I play tennis. (我打網球) => 表示我有打網球的習慣

        It rains often here. (這裡常下雨)

● 表真理、事實或自然界的現象

   Ex：Three points define a plane. (三點決定一個平面)

        John loves July. (約翰愛茱莉)

        The sun sets in the west. (太陽從西邊落下)

現在進行式(present progressive tense)

【S + am/are/is + V-ing】

● 表示現在正在進行的動作

   Ex：I am eating lunch. (我正在吃中餐)

        I am playing tennis. (我正在打網球)

        It is raining. (現在正在下雨)

        John is loving July. (X) => love 是一種狀態，不是一種動作，所以要用現在式

● 表示在近期內即將發生的事情或計畫未來要做的事。

   Ex：I am leaving here tomorrow. (我將在明天離開)

        He is going to Hong Kong next week. (他將在下個禮拜去香港)

現在完成式(present perfect tense)

【S + have + p.p】

常和since、for、already、never、ever等字連用。

● 表示發生在過去，而一直延續到現在的動作或狀態，這種句子後面常有since或for。

   Ex：I have studied English since elementary school.

        (我從小學開始學英文) => 現在還在學

        I have played tennis since the second year in graduated school.

        (我從研究所二年級開始打網球)

● 強調已經完成的事

   Ex：I have finished my work. (我已經做完我的工作了)

        I have arranged my room. (我已經整理完房間了)

● 表示一種經驗

   Ex：I have been America. (我曾到過美國)

        I have seen President Lee. (我曾見過李總統)

        I have worked in the nursing home. (我曾在養老院工作過)

        Jassica has never watched baseball game. (Jassica從未看過棒球比賽)

● 表示一件過去常發生的事

   Ex：We have already had three typhoons so far this year. (今年我國已經有三個颱風了)

        He has already published two papers this year. (他今年已經發表了兩篇論文了)

        It has already rained for half month. (已經下了半個月的雨了)

現在完成進行式(present perfect progressive tense) 與現在完成式無異，強調動作的連續性

【S + have been + V-ing】

● 從調從過去到現在一直在進行某件事而沒有間斷

   Ex：I have been living here since I was a child. (我從小就一直住在這裡)

       I have been working here since I graduated from college. (我從大學畢業後就一直在這工作了)

       He has been acting like a fool lately. (他最近一直在做傻事)

未來簡單式(future simple tense)

【S + will/shall + V】【S + be going to + V】

● 表事發生於未來的動作或狀態

   Ex：I will go home tomorrow.

        I am going to go home tomorrow. (我明天將要回家)

        She will marry next year.

        She is going to marry next year. (他明年要結婚了)

        I shall be twenty years old next month. (我下個月就要20歲了)

● 表示本人的意志時，助動詞皆用will

   Ex：No matter what you say, I will go with you. (不管你說甚麼我都將跟隨你)

        He will join our team. (他將加入我們的隊伍)

未來進行式(future progressive tense)

【S + will/shall + be + V-ing】

● 表示未來某一時刻或某一段時間正在進行的動作。

   Ex：What will you be doing this time tomorrow? (你明天的這個時候會做甚麼?)

        We shall be building a new library next month. (我們下個月將正在蓋一棟新的圖書館)

● 未來進行式的口氣會比未來簡單式婉轉客氣

   Ex：When will you be seeing John? (你甚麼時候會見到John)

● 可表原因，結果和可能

   Ex：If you don't work hard, you will not be passing the exam. (若你不努力，你將沒辦法通過考試)

未來完成式(future perfect tense)

【S + will/shall + have + p.p】

● 表示在未來某時刻前已完成的動作或經驗，常與by引導表示未來時間的時間副詞片語連用

   Ex：I shall have graduated by 2000. 我將在2000年畢業

        I will have left army on April 24th (我將在四月24號退伍)

● 敘述事情持續到未來某時，已經有若干時間

   Ex：He will have worked here for three years by next month. (到下個月他就在這裡工作三年了)

● 表示推測現在

   Ex：Mary will have received my letter now. (Mary現在應該收到我的信了)

未來完成進行式(future perfect progressive tense)

【S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing】

● 表示在未來某時刻開始到未來的一段時間中一直進行，並可能持續進行

   Ex：I will have been waiting 3 hours when the train arrives.

        (當火車到達時我將已等了3個小時了)