英文講義--直接與間接問句

直接問句 VS 間接問句(名詞子句)

直接問句:

回答沒有Yes or No
who   人	What  事物	when   時間	Where  地點
How 程度	Why  原因	Which  哪一個

附註:

J  When = what time (問時間) = what day (問星期) =what date (問日期)

J  How often :(問頻率)  How old :(問年紀)  How tall :(問身高)  How long : (問長度)

How far : (多遠)     How fast : (問速度)      How about = What about : (問意見)

How many : (問多少-可數)   How much : (問多少-不可數)   How soon : (問再過多久)

回答有Yes or No
Be. V 開頭	am is / was  are / were
助動詞開頭	1.can / could à Can I swim in the swimming pool? 2.will / would à Will Mayday hold a concert next week? 3.may / might à May I use the computer? 4.has have / have (完成式時用) à Have you ever been to Japan? 5.do does / did (疑問句與否定句時，當助動詞用) è Did she hand in her homework? è I do not want to go to school.

間接問句: wh-疑問句 + S.+ (助動詞) + V

直接問句	間接問句(當受詞)
1. Who are you?
2. What is your name?
3. When is the party?
4. How tall is your father?
5. Where does he live?
6. Why did you cry in the room?
7. Which princess do you like?
8. Why didn’t your friend go to the party?
9. When will you arrive at Taiwan?
10. How can you give me a letter?
11. How long have you and your brother studied in the school?
12. How could you enter the door?

所以間接問句與直接問句的不同在於:                                          

保留:    be can will may have has had       刪去:     do does did (否定則保留)

練習Exercise:

1. Tell me / where did you buy the pen                                                            

2. I don’t know / what are those animals                                          

3. Do you know / which is coat  better                                              

4. She wanted to know / how much did the ticket cost you                                   

5. Did the boy understand / what was the teacher talking about                     

附註: 句尾的”?”或是”.”由主要子句決定!

名詞片語 (不定詞: to + V.R.)

名詞子句(WH + 主 + should/could/can +VR)    à 名詞片語(WH + to VR)

Do you know what I can do? 

à Do you know what to do?

Please tell me where they should go. 

à Please tell me where to go

Please tell me how I can get to the bus station.

àPlease tell me how to get to the bus station.

練習 Exercise:

1. The girl wants to know/ when they should start.                                 

2. I have to learn/ how I should say no to others.                                

3. Can you tell me/ who I should marry.                                            

4. My teacher told us/ what we should not do in class.                            

5. Please tell us/ what I have to prepare for the interview.                       

英文講義--最高級與比較級

形容詞的比較級&最高級

為了表現不同程度的性質，形容詞具有三級：原級、比較級、最高級

有些形容詞因為本身已經達到極限，故沒有比較級和最高級，例如absolute, excellent, living, dead, only…..

型式 形容詞的原級、比較級、最高級

規則變化：短字+er / est   more / most 長字

＊    單音節的字在字尾加er及est

tall - taller - tallest long - longer -longest

clean -cleaner - cleanest warm - warmer -warmest

high - higher - highest dark - darker - darkest

＊    字尾有e時，只加r及st

nice - nicer - nicest close - closer -closest

cute - cuter - cutest wide – wider -widest

safe - safer – safest gentle –gentler -gentlest

＊    字尾為子音+y時，將y改為i再加er及est

happy –happier-happiest pretty-prettier-prettiest

dirty-dirtier-dirtiest heavy-heavier-heaviest

noisy-noisier-noisiest easy-easier-easiest

   注意：母音+y時，直接加er及est。Ex. gray-grayer-grayest

＊    短母音+子音，重複子音再加er及est 

big-bigger-biggest   hot-hotter-hottest   sad-sadder-saddest   fat-fatter-fattest   thin-thinner-thinnest  glad-gladder-gladdest   red-redder-reddest

＊    more / most 長字

(三音節以上的字及大多數二音節字，特別由 –ful, -less, -able, ive, ing 結尾的字)

beautiful - more beautiful - most beautiful

active – more active – most active

interesting – more interesting – most interesting

注意：happy(二音節)-happier à unhappy(三音節)-unhappier

＊    有些形容詞可以加er及est或前面加上more / most來形成比較級和最高級

polite – politer 或 more polite – politest 或 most polite

其他如：quiet , handsome , common , pleasant

不規則變化：

good / well	better	best
bad	worse	worst
many / much	more	most
＊old	older elder	oldest eldest	年齡的比較、事物的新舊 長幼順序
＊late	later較晚的 latter稍後的	latest最新近的 last 最後的	時間的先後 順序的先後
＊far	farther更遠 further更進一步；更遠	farthest furthest	表示距離 表示程度或距離
little	less littler	least littlest	關於量，much的相反 表示大小，等於small

＊My elder brother is three years older than your younger sister.

  His eldest son is the oldest student in our school.

  My sweater is older than yours.

  哥哥姊姊 elder brother/sister = older brother/sister

＊She came later than usual. (她比平常晚到。)

The Internet will give you the latest news.(網路會提供你最新的消息。)

He will be free in the latter part of the week.(他本週的下半周有空。)

His latest book may be his last book.(他最近出的書可能是他最後的書了。)

＊Kaohsiung is farther(further) from Taipei than Keelung.(從台北到高雄比到基隆遠。)

  The farthest(furthest) planet from the earth is Pluto.(離地球最遠的行星式冥王星。)

  I have nothing further to say on the subject.(對於這個主題我沒有什麼要講的了。)

  Have you any further need of me?(你還有要我幫忙的嗎？)

＊    很少 few – fewer – fewest + 可數名詞

        little – less – least + 不可數名詞

兩人(物)相比產生的結果

(1)  相同

Jack is as tall as David.

Jack is as handsome as David.

Jack has as much money as David.

(2)  超過—優勢比較

Jack is taller than David.

Jack is more handsome than David.

Jack has more money than David.

(3)  不足—劣勢比較 (不論長短字，一律用less)

Jack is less tall than David.

Jack is less handsome than David.

Jack has less money than David.

比較級的使用時機

(1) …. +比較級 + than ….

   The small box is heavier than the big box.

   Mr. Wang is thinner than Mr. Lin.

   A computer is more expensive than a bicycle.

   ＊than + 主格 或 受格

     You are taller than I. = You are taller than me.

     You are taller than I am.  (此處不得用受格)

     I like you better than he (likes you). 與主格比較

     I like you better than (I like) him.   與受格比較

   ＊比較的對象要合理而且不能與自己相比較

     (X) Your pencil is longer than I / me. 人與物比較

     (O) Your pencil is longer than mine.(=my pencil.)

     (X) Taipei is bigger than all the cities in Taiwan.所有城市包含Taipei

     (X) Taipei is bigger than any city in Taiwan.任何城市包含Taipei

     (O) Taipei is bigger than all the other cities in Taiwan. 所有/任何其他城市

     (O) Taipei is bigger than any other cities in Taiwan.   則不包含Taipei

     (O) New York is bigger than all the cities/ any city in Taiwan. New York 不在台灣

        注意：all the other 複數 /  any other 單數

(2) Who / Which + be +比較級 , A or B ? 

Who is taller, Tom or John?

Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?

(3) ~ + be + the 比較級 + of the two. (兩個之中比較…的那一個，~包含在兩個之中)

Tom is the taller of the two. = Tom is taller than the other boy.

This jacket is the more expensive of the two.

= This jacket is more expensive than the other one.

(4) very + 原級 ;  much / a lot / even / far + 比較級

Tom is much taller than Jack. (Tom比Jack高多了。)

A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle.

(5) 比較級 and 比較級

(越來越~~) ~er and ~er / more and more ~

   In summer, the days become longer and longer.

   We have more and more tests at school now.

   She likes eating fast food and is growing fatter and fatter.

   English becomes more and more important in our daily life.

   There will be less and less pollution if everyone helps to save our earth.

   After a typhoon, the vegetables become more and more expensive.

   (越來越不~~)less and less ~

   As we grow up, we will become less and less happy.

   He became less and less careful on his work and finally was fired.

(6) The 比較級 , the 比較級. ( 越~~越~~)         

   The more, the better.(越多越好。)

   The more he reads, the less the understands.(他越讀越不明白。)

   The older we grow, the poor our memory will become.(年紀越大，記憶力越差。)

否定句

＊Jack is not as tall as Tom. --Tom is taller than Jack. = Jack is shorter than Tom.

  Jack不像Tom那麼高。--Tom比Jack高。

  I don’t have as many books as you. --You have more books than I.

                                    = I have fewer books than you.

  This car isn’t as expensive as that one. --That car is more expensive than this one.

                                       = This car is cheaper than that one.

＊Jack is not taller than Tom.  不完全等於 Jack is shorter than Tom.

  Jack並沒有比Tom高。-- 可能比Tom矮，也可能和Tom一樣高。

  I didn’t come earlier than you. We may come here at the same time.

  I don’t have more pens than you. Maybe I have as many pens as you.

最高級的使用時機: the / 所有格 + 最高級

(1)  在一個範圍或團體中 in ~

The elephant is the biggest animal in the zoo.

Helen is the most active student in my class.

(2)  Who / Which + be +最高級 ,  A, B, or C ?

Who is the tallest, Tom, Jack, or David?

Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle, or a car?

(3)  ~ + be + the 最高級 + of the three / of all. (三個以上或全部之中)

   Of the three / of all , ~ + be + the 最高級

Tom is the tallest of the three boys. = Tom is taller than the other two boys.

This one is the most expensive of all the cars in the store.

Of all the girls in my class, Helen is the most active.

Of all my friends, Tom is the most important one to me.

(4)  ~ + be + one of the +最高級 +複數名詞

Love River is one of the most beautiful rivers in Taiwan.

Mark is one of the best students in my class.

(5)  ~ + be + the 最高級 ~ that 某人 have/ has ever p.p.

This is the longest train that I have ever seen. (這是我見過最長的火車。)

This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.( 這是我看過有趣的書。)

原級、比較級、最高級互換

＊Taipei is the biggest city in Taiwan.

  = Taipei is bigger than any other city in Taiwan.

  = Taipei is bigger than all the other cities in Taiwan.

  = No other city in Taiwan is as big as Taipei.

  = No other cities in Taiwan are as big as Taipei.

＊Time is the most important of all things.

  = Time is more important than any other thing.

  = Nothing is more important than time.

  = Nothing is so important as time.