英文講義--關係代名詞

英文文法之關係代名詞

◎   兼具代名詞與連接詞之作用的代名詞就叫做關係代名詞。其形態如下:

先行詞為           主   格      所  有  格     受    格

       人                who         whose          whom

人以外之動物、事物      which     whose（of which）   which

  人、動物、事物         that         －－－           that

（一）   Who的用法

◎       who  （主格）

    人 + whose （所有格）  【＝關係形容詞】

         whom （受格）

a.  當主格時：This is the teacher. The teacher teaches us English.

             ＝This is the teacher who teaches us English.

             The man is Mr. Brown. The man has white hair.

             = The man 【who has white hair】 is Mr. Brown.

             That is the girl who speaks English.

             The children 【who played baseball】 were happy.

b.  當受格時：The foreigner is an American. We meet the foreigner.

             ＝The foreigner （whom） we met is an American.

             The man is a doctor. I talk to the man.

             ＝The man （whom） I talked to is a doctor.

             ＝The man to whom I talked is a doctor.

             I know the man （whom） you visited.

             They were the men （whom） he was looking for.

             ＝They were the men for whom he was looking.

             The men to whom I spoke are here.

             ＝The men（whom）I spoke to are here.

◎   應注意事項

1. 除前面有介系詞的whom外，who與whom均可用that來代替。

2.  用於限定用法（即形容詞子句）的受格關係代名詞whom與that可以省略。但whom

前面有介系詞時除外。

   Ex：I know the man who visited you.＝I know the man that visited you.

       The mam（whom）we saw is Mr. Brown.＝The man（that）we saw is Mr. Brown.

c.  當所有格時： I have a friend. His sister is a teacher.

＝I have a friend whose sister is a teacher.

                The girl is here. Her brother win the first prize.

                ＝The girl 【whose brother win the first prize】 is here.

                There was a man whose name was Vincent.

                Here is the boy whose pen has been stolen.

                An orphan is a child whose parents are dead.

       

（二）   Which 的用法

                  which                 （主格）

◎   人以外的動物 + whose（of which）      （所有格）

或事、物       which                 （受格） 

a.  當主格時：I bought a book. A book is very good.

             ＝I bought a book which is very good.

             The cat is there. The cat caught a mouse/rat.

             ＝The cat 【which caught a mouse】 is there.

             Take the pencils which are on the table.

             He has a big rabbit which runs very fast.

             The month 【which comes before May】 is April.

b.  當受格時：The books are nice. I bought them yesterday.

             ＝The books（which）I bought yesterday are nice.

             I like the house. He lives in the house.

             ＝I like the house（which）he lives in.

             ＝I like the house in which he lives.

             = I like the house where he lives.

             This is the dog. I spoke of the dog.

             ＝This is the dog（which）I spoke of.

             ＝This is the dog of which I spoke.

            

◎   應注意事項

1. which可用that來代替，但which前面有介系詞時除外。

2.  用於限定用法的受格關係代名詞which可以省略，但which前面有介系詞時除外。

   Ex：The book（which）he gave me is very good.

       ＝The book（that）he gave me is very good.

       This is the book of which you spoke.

       ＝This is the book（which）you spoke of.

       ＝This is the book（that）you spoke of.

c.  當所有格時：The book is mine. The book’s cover is green.

               ＝The book whose cover is green is mine.

               ＝The book + the cover of it is green is mine.

               ＝The book the cover of which is green is mine.

               ＝The book of which the cover is green is mine.

               The mountain is Mt. Fuji. We can see the mountain’s top.

=The mountain whose top we can see is Mt.Fuji.

               The book the cover of which is blue is Mary’s.

               ＝The book of which the cover is blue is Mary’s.

               The house the roof of which is red is Tom’s.

               ＝The house of which the roof is red is Tom’s.

（三）   That的用法

   人

◎ 動物  + that 【限於主格、受格；不可用作所有格】

   事物  （＝who，whom，which）

1. 關係代名詞that可用以代替who，whom，which等，以代表人、動物、事物。

   Ex：I want a man that（＝who）understands English.（主格）

       John is a boy that（＝whom）I like very much.  （受格）

2.  先行詞前面有最高級形容詞時，須用that，不可用who或which。

   Ex：This is the best book that I have ever read.

       He is the greatest inventor that ever lived.

3.（the first，the last，the only，the same，the very，any，all，no）+先行詞 + that

Ex：He is the first boy that came here. 

    She was the last girl that arrived.

    She is the only girl that can ride a bicycle.

    Take any book that you like.

    This is the same man that came yesterday.   

    This is all that I know about him.

    You are the very man that I wanted to see.   

    I saw no one that I knew.

4. 兩種先行詞（人+動物或事物）+ that

   Ex：Look at the boy and his dog that are crossing the bridge.

       The man and the horse that fell into the river were drowned.

關係代名詞that前面不可接介係詞

   Ex： 【錯誤】This is the house in that he lives.

       【正確】This is the house in which he lives

        ＝This is the house that（which）he lives in.

        ＝This is the house where he lives.           P.S：where＝in which

＊   重點提示：關係代名詞that若為受格時可以省略

    Ex：This is the pen（that）I bought yesterday.

        He is the best teacher（that）I know.

        This is the very thing （that）I want.

        You are the only friend（that）I have.

        Which is the book（that）you lost?

很重要的喔!! In that=because (because怎麼用in that 就怎麼用)

（四）限定用法與非限定用法

A.  限定用法：關係子句如有限定或修飾先行詞之作用，即稱為限定用法。

   Ex：I have a sister who lives in Taiwan.

       我可能有很多姐姐，其中一個住在台灣。

       The man（whom）we met yesterday is coming to see us.

       I want a man who can spesk English.

   P.S：1. 限定用法之關係代名詞前面不可加逗點。

        2. 限定用法之關係子句為形容詞子句，有形容詞的作用。

B.  非限定用法：Who（whom,whose）與Which所引導之關係子句，如僅作補述之用而不用以修飾或限定先行詞時，即稱為非限定用法或補述用法。換言之，逗號後面的關係子句可有可無。

P.S：1.補述用法之關係代名詞前面（或前後），須加逗點（,）。

        2.關係代名詞that不用於補述用法。(換句話說，that前面不加逗點)

        3.用於補述用法的關係代名詞不能省略。

   Ex：I have a sister, who lives in Taiwan.

       我就只有一個姐姐，不用多加贅述，大家都知道他住台灣。

       I met John, who（＝and he）told me the news.(o)

       I met John, told me the news.(X)

       He has two sons, who（＝and they）work in the same place.

       He has two sons, work in the same place.(X)

     【比較】He has two sons who work in the same place.

             I want this man, who（＝for he）can speak English.

             They gave up the plan, which was not a very good one.

             My brother, who is a teacher, can speak German.

             Tom Smith, whom you know, is the tallest in our class.

             Grammar, which I like very much, is good for me.

       P.S：在上述兩句中，whom與which雖然是受格關係代名詞，仍然不得省略。

＊   重點提示：在補述用法中，可用片語或子句作先行詞，並以which代表之。

   Ex：He wanted to go abroad, which（＝but it）was impossible.

       àwhich指的是”he wants to go abroad”這件事。

       He said nothing, which（＝and this）made me angry.

       àwhich指的是”he said nothing”這件事。

（五）What的用法

          the thing（s）which     （所~~的東西）

◎ what＝ that which              （所~~者）

          all that                 （所有~~） 

   P.S：what 兼具先行詞與關係代名詞的作用，因此前面不可有先行詞。

   Ex：This is not what（＝the thing which）I want.

       Do you understand what（＝that which）I mean?

       I did what（＝all that）I could.

       What（＝That which）he said is quite true.

       I know what you mean.

       What she said is true.

※What所引導之關係子句為名詞子句。

（六）複合關係代名詞

◎ whoever（＝any one who）         【主格】                 不論誰

   whomever（＝any one whom）      【受格】                 不論誰

   whatever（＝anything that）        【主格、受格、所有格】    不論甚麼

   whichever（＝either that or any that）【主格、受格、所有格】不論那一個

  

Ex：Whoever says this is mistaken.

    Whoever comes will be welcome.

    I will welcome whomever you invite.

    I believe whatever you say.

    Whatever I have is yours.

P.S：複合關係代名詞所引導之關係子句為名詞子句。

（七）準關係代名詞

◎ as與but也有類似關係代名詞的用法，特稱之為準關係代名詞。

   such ~ as           像~~那樣的

   the same ~ as        與~~相同的

   but（＝that~ not）   不~~者

   Ex：He was not such a man as would tell a lie.        【主格】

       àHe was not a man who would tell a lie.

       They don’t have such a book as I want.           【受格】

       àThey don’t have a book which I want.

       I had the same bicycle as you have.               【受格】

       àI had the bicycle which you have the same one.

【比較】：

  There is no mother but loves her own children.

= There is no mother that does not love her own children.

  (沒有媽媽不愛自己的小孩)

  There is no one but knows the news.

＝There is no one that does not know the news.(沒有人不知道這個新聞)

  There is no rule but has exceptions.

＝There is no rule that has no Exceptions.(沒有一項規則中，沒有例外)

 換言之，凡事皆有例外。