英文講義--關係代名詞的省略

關係代名詞的省略

我們所謂的關係代名詞 + BE動詞可以省略的情況 (亦即關係子句的減化) 是指分詞 (過去分詞和現在分詞) 形容詞，所以BE動詞 + 形容詞的情況通常是不能省略的。

1.     受格可省略，非限定用法(逗點後)不可省略，若此受格本為介詞之受詞，則介詞可前調至關代前，介詞之後受格亦不可省略，介詞之後亦不可用that。

The books which I bought yesterday are very good. (正)

The books that I bought yesterday are very good. (正)

The books I bought yesterday are very good. (正)

This is the book which I am looking for.(正)

This is the book that I am looking for. (正)

This is the book I am looking for. (正)

This is the book for which I am looking. (正) 名詞子句

This is the book for I am looking. (誤…介詞之後受格不可省略)

This is the book for that I am looking. (誤…介詞之後不可用that)

I bought two good books, which I found in the fair. (正)

I bought two good books, I found in the fair.(誤…逗點後受格不可省)

I bought two good books, that I found in the fair. (誤…逗點後不可用that)

2.     主格省略原則: 從屬子句若有be動詞，則主格連帶be動詞可一起省略而形成分詞片語、介詞片語、不定詞片語，依然做為形容詞使用，其原理與分詞構句，副詞片語相同。

He is the man (who is) called John.-----------------------他就是叫作John的人

He is the man called John.

I know the boy (who is) running there.-----------我認得正在那兒跑步的男孩

I know the boy running there.

The girl (who is) in the room is Mary.--------------------房裡的那女孩是Mary

The girl in the room is Mary.

The cell phone (which is) with a ring is Mary’s.-有吊飾的那手機是Mary的

The cell phone with a ring is Mary’s.

I know the boy who plays basketball in the yard. 我認識那個在院子打籃球的那個男孩

I know the boy playing in the yard.

She wears the dress which (that) was bought yesterday. 他穿的那件昨天買的洋裝

She wears the dress bought yesterday.

That的用法：只可用 that不可用 which或 who的時候

1.所修飾的先行詞中，同時含有人與非人的事物時，關代只可用that。

我有看到正在過街的小孩和他的愛犬

I saw a boy and his dog that are crossing the street.

2.所修飾的先行詞中，已含有唯一或最高級形容詞 the only, the same, the first, the very, the last, the best …時，關代只可用that。

他是我唯一信得過的人

He is the only man that I can believe. (正)

He is the only man who I can believe.(誤…西洋小說上卻也屢見不鮮)

3.先行詞為all或由all, every, some, any, no等不定形容詞所帶領時，關代只可用that。

金玉其外，敗絮其中

All that glitters is not gold.

每個上學的孩子似乎很快樂

Every student that goes to school seems happy.

認識他的人無人相信他

No man that knows him will believe him.

註：美式英文中除了all一定用that，其他不定形容詞也可用who , which。

然而實際應用上，除了all之外，含其他不定形容詞的先行詞用who或which做為關代，反而常見。

           

4.先行詞為疑問代名詞 who, what, which時。

你想要的是哪本書?

 Which is the book that you want? (正)

 Which is the book you want?(正…受格省略)

 Which is the book which you want? (誤)

 5.介詞之後，非限定用法中(逗點後)，無論主受格不可用that取代。

The mansion which he lives in is remarkable. (正)

  The mansion that he lives in is remarkable. (正)

  The mansion he lives in is remarkable. (正)

  The mansion in which he lives is remarkable. (正)

  The mansion where he lives is remarkable. (正)   * in which = where

  The mansion in that he lives in remarkable. (誤)

關係子句之限定用法和非限定用法

關係子句之限定用法:

【觀念確認】 關係子句做為形容詞，用來修飾先行詞，關係代名詞或關係副詞之前沒有逗號。

關係代名詞子句之限定用法: (指此一家，別無分號)

那個愛子女的男子努力地工作

The man who loves his children works hard.

我非常喜愛你所借我的那本書

I like the book which you lent me very much.

我有許多住在台灣的朋友

I have a lot friends who live in Taiwan.

關係副詞子句之限定用法:

基隆是我出生的地方

Keelung is the place where I was born.

1996乃我兒出生的那一年

1996 is the year when my son was born.

麵包乃西方人賴以維生的主食

Bread is the main food what westerners live.

關係子句之非限定用法:

【觀念確認】 關係子句做為 (1)主要子句的補述(同位語 appositive)，(2)做為主要子句的接續，關係代名詞或關係副詞之前有逗號。

關係代名詞子句之非限定用法:

我有許多朋友，並且他們都住在台灣

I have a lot friends, who live in Taiwan.

= I have a lot friends, and they live in Taiwan.

設置監視攝影機的理由之一就是可以減低學生的不良行為，並且創造一個更加豐富的學習環境

One reason to install video cameras is to reduce student misbehavior, which creates a more productive learning environment.

= One reason to install video cameras is to reduce student misbehavior, and it creates a more productive learning environment.

關係副詞子句之非限定用法:

基隆是個雨港，而我就出生在那兒

Keelung is a rainy harbor, where I was born.

= Keelung is a rainy harbor, and I was born there.

 麵包美味，並且西方人以之為主食

 Bread is delicious, what westerners live.

 = Bread is delicious, on which westerners live.

 = Bread is delicious, and westerners live on it.